Forces that Shaped Women Essay Example for Free

Forces that Shaped Women Essay Indeed, it can be said that what has become of the women of the present day is shaped by forces other than the history. It is easy to discern that the history has been filled with stories of great men and had been mostly the chronicles of the undertakings of the males. Thus, it has focused only on them and their recounting. Also, it could be noticed that even the history, whether it be local or in relation to the international arena, is divided according to the male dominants of that time. They become the stone that reminded everyone of that point in the history. Although, it is not to be taken in general but it is that which prevails. Therefore, with the foregoing statement, it could really be justified that there are forces that shaped women to what they have been now. These forces prove to be more important than the history, which is leaning towards the men, and has not relied solely on the importance of the history but rather, on the other driving forces. What the woman has achieved right now is to be credited to the Women’s Movement. It is the beginning of cooperative efforts that fought against the oppression and the inequality they feel when it comes to gender relations. It was not a bloody revolution as depicted in wars, but a revolution of nobility but still with hardships encountered. The women’s movement started with an afternoon of tea on July 13, 1848. As Elizabeth Cady Stanton was invited with four friends for a cup of tea in New York, their conversations fell into the situation of women with regards to rights and freedom, which sparked the initiative to start a revolution that would end the gender oppression (Eisenberg and Ruthsdotter). This same group of women also organized the convention they called â€Å"A Convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious conditions and rights of woman† (Eisenberg and Ruthsdotter). It was in this convention that the Declaration of Sentiments was drafted and approved by the women attendees, including the right to suffrage (Eisenberg and Ruthsdotter). From these situation, it could be said that legislation and advocacy shaped women. The laws that favored them and also those which oppressed them have contributed much to what they are right now in the society. It may be more or less good that resulted to either uplifting or further depression of the women in the society. Moreover, the women of today, given the right to an education, have the chance to gain knowledge and insights within the academe (Jackson and Jones, p. 4). The wave of feminism has gone over to the institutions to bring about the change needed and to heighten the awareness of the people regarding the state of women (Jackson and Jones, p. 4). Therefore, the academe served as an avenue for the exchange of ideas and the breeding ground for the empowerment of women and served as one of the contributory factors that shaped women to what it is today (Jackson and Jones, p. 4). It is, however, to be noted that the academe only gave the chance to the women who have the capacity and the ability to enter the institution and have formal education. This will narrow down the number of women who can have the chance to reap the fruits of the driving force of women empowerment in the academe. Still, this institution served the purpose of creating an impact to the women. Also, it can be said that the women were shaped by the literature written by the intellects and experts in the field of women studies (Jackson and Jones, p. 5). The ideas of these people have perpetuated the soul and are expected to have an impact on the way the woman are. The existing literature regarding the field in practice and in theory will add up to the knowledge and awareness of women about themselves. More specifically, these theories on feminism created are â€Å"women generating knowledge about women and gender for women† (italics supplied by author) (Jackson and Jones, p. 1). It will also make them more visible and will help in the mainstreaming of women in the different portions of the society. The more literature is written about the women, the greater are the chances, too, of making them more apparent in the society and will make the whole world know that there are actually changes that are happening with the women. Slowly, it will help perpetuate fields which were previously handled by men. In the history, especially with the philosophical thinkers, most of them were men and the ideas they convey are, of course, from the viewpoint of women. The slightest taint of women in their writings is visible, if there are even any. With the help of authors, both men and women, who write about the women, more and more is known and they become incorporated into the scene of the society. Lately, different fields, some are even unexpected, have been involving women and they even succeeded. These fields give women the chance to excel and realize their full potential. Also, the role of the media, through its different mediums, is of great importance to shaping women (Thornham, p. 231). It is the fastest way of communicating to people which made advocacy and exchange of ideas a lot easier and accessible to all. Also, it can highlight the success of women in the different fields and will give an update of how they are faring especially with the issues. However, it could also influence the mindset of the women when it comes to what is expected of them. The current trends in fashion, the role expected by them of the society, the behavior they have to manifest, the attitude, and others of the same kind are being given by media the emphasis it deserves to change the line of though of women. Still, the importance of the history of women can not be totally set aside. It gives out the chronicles of important facts and will serve as a reminder to the women of today. The historical accounts regarding women are, because of their great distinction from men, are being given special shelves in certain libraries. Some also have built their own website to serve as electronic references for greater accessibility. Others may have used other forms such as paintings and other forms of art. All of these are intended to keep the fire burning and to let the people know that there existed such a thing. The books that contained literature about women’s history proves that the women had experienced a colorful and distinct past, which are not included in most ordinary history books. Different fields have their own different history such as that in sports. They highlight how the women evolved to what it currently is. It deserves special attention since books can be found in any library and can easily be located anywhere. Also, not far from the books are those articles about women in the internet. These are made available for those who do not have access to libraries or would simply want to have a faster means of seeing the past of the women. However, it is to be noted that some electronic articles go unchecked before published so it is better to be careful about historical accounts they present. Art can also be used as a very convenient and convincing way of representing women. It can give a figurative representation of women that will most clearly capture the situation of the women in the past and can give a better picture and understanding to those who chose to see it today. Another form where women’s past is represented might be through the movies and documentaries that are being produced through films, nowadays. There is the fact that some people do not have the patience to go through long articles or to identify and capture the meaning of an art. The moving picture can easily and entertainingly give the audience the chance to have a background on what transpired in the past. The history of women should not be gone into oblivion. The entitlements and the benefits enjoyed by the present generation of women are things which should be thanked for and should not be treated as something that came as natural as being born. It is a claim that was made for a long span of time and still is in continuance. Works Cited Eisenberg, B. and Ruthsdotter, M. â€Å"History of the Movement. † Living the Legacy: The Women’s Rights Movement 1848-1998. 1998. National Women’s History Project. 26 September 2007 http://www. legacy98. org/move-hist. html. Jackson, S. and Jones, J. â€Å"Thinking for Ourselves: An Introduction to Feminist Theorising. † Contemporary Feminist Theories. Ed. Stevi Jackson and Jackie Jones. NY, USA: New York University Press, 1998. 1-5. Thornham, S. â€Å"Feminist Media and Film Theory. † Contemporary Feminist Theories. Ed. Stevi Jackson and Jackie Jones. NY, USA: New York University Press, 1998. 231.

The Construction Of The Great Wall

The Construction Of The Great Wall The construction of the great wall arose throughout the Warring States Period (403 to 221 BC). The Great Wall is a fortification alongside the northern and northwestern boundary of China, running from Shanhaiguan on the Gulf of Bohai on the east to the vicinity of Gaodai, Gansu Province, on the west, with an inner wall consecutively southward from the vicinity of Beijing almost to Handan. Shi Huangdi, first emperor of the Chin dynasty founded the biggest portion of the wall as a defense against raids by nomadic peoples. Organized work on the wall was begun about 221 BC, after Shi Huangdi had united China under his rule, and it was completed about 204 BC. Small segments of the wall were probably already in existence, but Shi Huangdi is thought to have had some nearly 1,200 miles of the wall erected during his reign. 300,000 men several of them political prisoners whose bodies are thought to be buried in the wall (not essentially true) were put to work joining the segments into one h uge rampart of stone and earth. In later times, chiefly during the period of the Ming dynasty (AD 1368-1644), the Great Wall was fixed and extended by reinforcing it with cement and stone. The fortification finally reached a length of about 1,500 miles, ensuing the course of rivers instead of bridging them and conforming to the contours of the mountains and valleys in its path. The wall is built of earth and stone, faced with brick in the eastern parts. It is from 15 to 30 feet thick at the base (about 20 feet on the average) and tapers to some 12 feet at the top. The height averages 25 feet exclusive of the crenellated parapets. Watchtowers about 40 feet in height are placed at intervals of approximately 200 yards. Several hundred kilometers of the Great Wall remain intact in the eastern reaches. The amount of brick and stone working to construct the Great Wall might limit the earth with a barrier eight feet high. From the 6th to the 14th centuries, the wall proved to be an effective barrier against strong-minded invaders, who revealed that bribing the lookouts was their most effective weapon. The Chinese Emperors aided in this cause by failing to pay there army troops, usually a bad mistake. If you dont pay your army, someone else will. Scholars guess that the Great Wall with all its divisions once stretched for 6,200 miles, from the Yalu River in the northern east to Xinjiang in the northwest. Today it measures 6,000 miles. The Great Wall has suffered serious damage from wind and water erosion, as well as man-made destruction. In the past it has been a treasure store of stone for many a poor farmer. Between 1870 and 1974, the 8th Route Army stationed at Gubeikou destroyed 9,840 feet of the wall to use the stone to erect some barracks. Later in 1979, the State ordered the same army group to tea r down their barracks and rebuild the wall. In 226 the armies of the Chu Dynasty and the Qin dynasty met in a great final battle. The victor would get the prize of the richest and most technologically advanced nation of the world. The Qin Emperor needed to defend the country from the marauding bands of nomadic horsemen of the north. These bands of horsemen who raided the rich farmland came from the barren land of the north and were forced to become marauding nomads. It was a clash of farmers against warriors. The group would be difficult to defeat. The strength, stability and prosperity of the new empire were threatened by these marauding hordes. To preserve Chinas borders the Qin set about building a huge defensive barrier in 221 BC. Wall building became the chief defensive strategy to repel the enemy from the north. This was in the age before gunpowder and cannons. The first Great Wall was a massive undertaking. It was the equivalent of building 30 of the great pyramids of Egypt. To build this great wall of 3,000 miles the Qin Emperor chose his most able general Ling Qia. He was given an army of over 300,000 men. They had to build roads, and the infrastructure as well as the wall. Much of the wall was built of beaten clay. Rock was not always available, so tamped earth became the first choice. Dirt was designated from at least four inches below the surface so seeds and grasses could not germinate and thus undermine the strength of the wall. Consuming first a form made of wood, earth was piled and was pounded into a layer of four inches thick. Following layers of this would produce a wall twenty feet high that would still be standing some 2,000 years later. The wall stretched from the borders of North Korea across the northern border to the far reaches in western China. In ten years they built a wall across the entire northern border of China in lands that included marshes, quicksand, deserts, and altitudes of 8,000 feet. They built twenty-five miles a month that is almost a mile a day. One section is across 60 miles of a mountain range. This section was built entirely of native stone with the flat face placed on the outside to face the enemy. This dry stonewall was built 20 feet high with 26-foot high beacon towers. The Qin army invented new weapons to exploit thei r advantage of their new wall. The most deadly of these was the crossbow that could hurl an arrow 250 yards with amazing accuracy. Other weapons included iron casting techniques to produce double edged swords which would not be known in the west for some 1,300 years later. The soft bronze swords of the enemy were no match for the double-edged iron swords of the Qin army. All of this was achieved at great economic and human costs. The emperor thought the wall would bring peace to the nation but the nation was weakened by the heavy cost of the construction. Ditches along the wall were filled with the corpses of workers who died building the wall. Deaths of wall workers are estimated to exceed one million. Some have claimed that the dead workers were entombed in the wall itself. Later investigations proved this untrue. Also decaying bodies would have weakened the structure and would not have been allowed. No society could sustain such a terrible burden. Taxation became heavier and heav ier. Some 3,500,000 people were involved in the building of the Great Wall. That was 70% of the total population of China at that time. For each worker working on the wall, six were required to feed and support them. Construction of the Qin wall became the most loathed imperial plan in Chinese history. In 209 BC, Only a year after the death of the Qin Emperor, millions of laborers rose up and ended the tyranny and bloodshed of wall building. The Qin Dynasty had fallen, brought down by the building of the great wall. Within ten years much of the wall was a neglected ruin. Once again the northern border was at the mercy of the northern invaders. After three years of civil war in 206 BC the first Han Dynasty was formed under the Gao Di Emperor, Liu Bang. At first he attempted to appease the northern invaders with gifts and increased trade but peace was sporadic. A massive force of the Han army attacked the invaders and forced them back across the northern borders. To consolidate their victories they began to mark out their new extended borders. In many areas they simply restored the old Qin wall. In order to build walls in the desert of the west, new methods of construction had to be devised. Here the soil consists of a gravel of sand and small stones. They used alternating layers of red willows and the gravel and lots of tamping. This produced a wall that has survived for some 2,000 years. Using these techniques and hundreds of thousands of people, the Han were able to build the wall far into the Gobi desert. And where clay was used as a skin or coating it made the wall difficult to scale and protected it against the erosion of the weather. The Han leadership knew to have a strong frontier they not only needed to build a strong wall but they also needed crack troops to defend it. They developed a force of light cavalry that could foray into the enemy territory to check on the enemy movements in his own grounds. They had many victories against the Xiongnu. They then employed renegade Xiongnu horse masters to set up horse breeding stables and to train their troops in horsemanship. By the time of the sixth Han Emperor Wu Di some 66 years later, they had crushed the Xiongnu and the wall was extended some 300 miles into the Gobi Desert. The wall now extended across the principle trading routes and if you wished to trade with the Chinese you needed to enter through the gates in the wall. Around these gates towns were established and became the trade centers of the area. At most gates foreigners were not allowed to go past the gates so these became the portals of trade into China. One flawless example is the stunningly preserved Jade Gate. Built in 101 BC, it is 28 feet high and 66 feet square. Close by they built a fort for the Han soldiers defending the wall. This piece of the wall is 453 feet long, 115 feet wide and 23 feet high. The wall became more than a trade route and a barrier to keep out the enemy, it turned out to be vital for communications. Along its ramparts messages can be sent at incredible speeds from one end of the empire to the other. All along the northern border beacon towers were built every 15 to 30 miles. They formed a communication network, which ran from outposts deep into enemy territory to the ancient capital in the east. From these towers the Han troops used smoke by day and torches by night to send messages along the length of the wall. They burnt wood, and straw mixed with wolf dung, which produced rich black columns of smoke. Statutes firmly governed the code of these signals. One column of smoke indicated a n impending attack by a force of less than 500. Two columns showed an attack by a force less than 3,000 and four columns indicated an attack by a force of up to 10,000.China would wait another 1,300 years before embarking on its greatest period of wall building. The Ming Dynasty built much of what remains today. They were driven by desperation to build the ultimate defense and lock the northern frontier once and for all. The Ming renovated the old Qin and Han walls and extended them. The Ming wall stretched some 4,500 miles from the Korean border at Dandong to the city of Jayuguan in the western desert. Today that fort is one of the most impressive, ornate, and sophisticated military constructions in the history of China. The Ming Dynasty came into power in 1368 inheriting a nation crushed by 100 years of rule by the Mongols. The mighty Genghis Khan had united these tribes in 1206 and had pushed their way through China. Ultimately they fell from within. A peasant revolt spelled the defeat of the Mongol empire. The leader of this revolt was Zhu Yangzhong who was installed as the first Ming Emperor. He immediately took up the challenge to begin building the great defense again. The enthusiasm in which the Ming emperors embraced this ambition was staggering. They built more wall than any other dynasty. The Ming wall was typically built with a stone facing over tamped inner clay. This wall was almost indestructible. The Ming bricks were a marvel of engineering holding up to a pressure of over 1000 pounds per square inch. The mortar was of super strength. The mortar was stronger than the bricks themselves. The puzzle of this super strength has now been solved. The mystery ingredient was rice flour. With innovations like these, the Ming was able to build spectacular monuments. A feature of the wall was water drainage systems that channeled the water to the Chinese side and withheld the water to the enemy side and thus inhibited plant growth and so denied cover to the attackers. Warning towers were built in enemy territory. These spurs were built out from the main wall and permitted the Chinese to attack the marauders from two sides. The armies were controlled from watchtowers that were built every 200 yards along the Ming walls. Locks and bolts secured the doors and windows from within creating a formidable fortress. From these towers the defenders could unleash arrows and spears from heavily protected slits. Later cannon were used. Having discovered gunpowder, the Ming was also the first to use hand grenades and mines. Stones were also pushed through special openings to create man made avalanches to crush the enemy. If the attackers succeeded in scaling the wall, the defenders could retreat to the guard towers. These guard towers were only accessible by retractable ladders.

Cases of Influenza :: Journalism Influenza Health Essays

Cases of Influenza ST. LOUIS, Missouri.--The State Health Department has confirmed that there have been 666 new cases of influenza today, 134 more since yesterday. Also it has been confirmed, sadly, that there has been 59 deaths, up 15 since yesterday, and making the grand total at 5,067 deaths in just three weeks. 21 of the deaths recorded yesterday were of pneumonia. Thus this epidemic seems to weaken the body so much that it is not the only cause of death, pneumonia is as well. As we keep track of the new cases and of the fatal ones, they have urged the public to stay calm as they are trying to do everything in their power to put an end to this. They are spending all hours seeking the source and coming up with a cure. At a time while our boys are overseas fighting and some losing their lives, the people in St. Louis are battling their own problems with this epidemic. It almost seems the casualty numbers are mimicking each other, not to say they are suffering from the same kind of fate. Just a shame that there are two wars going on two different fronts, one overseas in Europe and the other here at home, trying to battle this disease, virus, bacteria, whatever it is. So far they are unclear as to where the disease came from and how it spreads. There have been several theories as to what the culprit is and what the public should do in response to this news. One doctor feels that people should avoid all contact with other people, closing all public arenas, and going as far as wearing masks outside. Some doctors disagree with this, claiming it is unwarranted and unnecessary. They just feel that people should be sanitary and keep a safe distance from people and areas that look unclean. Also they warn to stay away from alleyways and animals that fester in them. It might be that these dirty animals are harboring the disease and spreading it from fleas or other contagious ways. However, it has been seen that most cases of the influenza are stemming from the inner-city. There are instances of people outside of the inner-city but not as numerous. So department officials have been sent to the inner-city to gather evidence and try to track any trends stemming from the start and spread of this disease.

Compare and contrast the Lady of Shalott with In Westminster Abby Essay

Consider * The context * The depiction of the women * Form * The poets’ use of language * Your response Both of the poems are about a woman. From the outset the two women appear very different, but when you study them more closely and we can begin to discover similarities. I think that both the woman in The Lady of Shalott and the women in West Minister Abbey are prisoners in some way or form. It is maybe more obvious in The Lady of Shalott where she is actually imprisoned inside a tower which is on an island and more than that she is also imprisoned by a curse which is upon her. The woman in Westminster Abbey is imprisoned by her lack of connection with reality and is so out of touch with the real world that I would say she is a prisoner within her self. The main difference between the two women is that one of them knows she is a prisoner and eventually in the end breaks away (even though it kills her) yet the other is blaitinly unaware. The tradition is which they are written is very different. The Lady of Shalott tells a story therefore it is a Narrative poem. In Westminster is about self-revelation so it is a dramatic monologue. The Lady of Shalott is set in the era of King Author and the Knights of the Round Table. The poem features Sir Lancelot (one of the greatest of the Knights) who is a key character. I think he symbolizes the male system that was very dominant back in the Victorian times. In short Lancelot represents to her all that she can’t have and accepting death is better than being locked up. The poem is split into four parts, which build a kind of chapter formation. Part one gives us a bit of insight to what her surroundings are like and the fact she lives in a tower and that no one really knows very much about her. â€Å"Down to tower’d Camelot: And by the moon the reaper weary, Piling sheaves in uplands airy, Listening, whispers † ‘Tis the fairy Lady of Shalott.† This quote from the poem (which is the last four lines of part 1) tells us that she is perceived almost like some kind of super natural being. In part two the lady of Shalott never stops working. She is weaving a picture of the things she sees reflected by a mirror so what she sees is 2-d and fickle. (Notice the contrast, her surroundings are drab yet her tapestry is colourful) â€Å"A funeral, with plumes and lights and music, went to Camelot: Or when the moon was overhead, Came two young lovers lately wed† The above statement connects the funeral with a wedding like both are equal and that love is equivalent to death. The lady then realizes that there is something unsubstantial about her life and proclaims â€Å"I’m half sick of shadows† In Part three Lancelot appears and she sees his attractive reflection in the mirror, it appeals to her so much that she stops her work and looks out through the window at him. SHOCK the mirror breaks and the curse has come upon her. We can see how the lady almost becomes a mirror in herself with the glassy expression on her face. In this ‘chapter’ the rhyming pattern changes when Lancelot appears, usually every verse ends with the word Shalott but one of the verses ends with Camelot instead. This is symbolic of how much devastation he actually causes, the whole form of the poem alters when he appears. In part four she wonders from the tower down to Camelot. And down the river’s dim expanse — Like some bold seer in a trance, Seeing all his own mischance — With a glassy countenance†¦. These lines tell of the lady’s trance like gaze possibly cause by thoughts of passion and desire (Lancelot). This could indicate that she is not responsible for her own actions. The changes of weather in the ‘chapter’ indicate the change in mood. She comes down to Camelot and finds a boat that is her final resting-place. She does not kill her self, nor is she evil because her last song is said to be mournful and holy. All the people gather round her and in the crowd, totally oblivious to the fact he caused her death Lancelot proclaims that god has mercy on her as she has a lovely face. In Westminster Abbey is set during a war against Germany in the church in Westminster abbey. A woman is talking the whole time, which makes this, distinctly different from the last. In fact she is doing more than talking, she is praying. Once we discover that the audience is God we become very shocked by the things she is coming out with, especially when she says if he makes a mistake she will forgive him! She is being incredibly selfish and asking for special treatment i.e. that she should be protected more than anyone else. The woman is being greedy and praying for silly things like that her shares down go down and such like. In one of the verses she is talking about why England should win. There is great juxtaposition in the list that she gives placing things like democracy and class distinction together and then bringing in the fact they have proper drains, which just shows her snobbery. In other parts she is racist telling god to protect the blacks but to protect the whites more, which is saying that whites are more important just because they are more sophisticated and probably more civilized that the blacks she was talking about. The last verse gives us real insight into her character. She asks God for what she wants and expects to have her prayers answered in return for doing things she should have been doing any way. I.e. helping the war effort and going to church ‘when ever she got the time’. The poem ends with her having to leave for a social occasion- â€Å"A now dear lord I cannot wait, Because I have a luncheon date† She is a snob and she thinks God is one too, instead of praying to him in her local church she comes all the was to Westminster because she thinks God will view her prayer as more important. The end line of every verse deflates to what she has said (exposes the selfishness). The poet uses irony to show her up so you can’t help laughing because you become almost astonished by the things that she says. The woman’s actions don’t co-inside with her words and the language doesn’t fit. This makes her seem like a walking contradiction. I think there is great contrast in both the context and styles of these poems but there still are similarities. They are both poems with a message; the message in The Lady of Shalott is that if you strive for more freedom you might end up dead. The message in the second poem is that we aren’t always aware of our faults etc. but they are always there.

Arnold Friend Essay

One of the big mysteries In Joyce Carol Oates’s â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?,† Is Arnold Friend the devil or not. Arnold Friend portrays the devil in many ways. In the story, Arnold friend is the devil, he went to Connie’s house and tries to get her to go for a ride with him and his friend Elli Oscar so, he can rape and kill her. Arnold Friend is none other than the devil himself, which shows in his appearance, his speech, his actions and supernatural psychic powers. Arnold Friend’s appearance is the main reason people think he is the devil. His hair is not natural looking â€Å"He placed his sunglasses on top of his head, carefully, as if he were indeed wearing a wig†. His hair is shabby and all over his head like he is wearing a wig to hide his devil horns. Arnold Friend’s eyes are another thing that is devilish. Arnold Friend’s eyes are very weird looking â€Å"He took off the sunglasses and she saw how pale the skin around his eyes was, like holes that were not in shadow but instead in light. His eyes were chips of broken glass that catch the light in an amiable way† Arnold Friend’s eyes look very weird as if he was some sort of demonic being. Arnold Friends other devilish characteristics include his nose and neck. Arnold Friend’s nose does not seem to be natural â€Å"The nose long and hawked-like, sniffing as if she were a treat† . Arnold Friend’s nose is not human like which means it must be the nose of the devil himself. Arnold friend’s neck is so different form a human neck â€Å"Even his neck looked muscular†. Arnold Friend’s neck seems to be the neck of a muscular animal which is a devilish characteristic which makes Arnold Friend the devil. In conclusion Arnold Fiend represented the devil because he was nothing, but trouble. His first words to Connie were â€Å"I’m Gonna get you, baby.† That can also represent Connie’s sexual desires because she continued to converse with him and seemed interested for the most part. He was there purely for sex and Connie was hesitating, but couldn’t resist his manipulation. You could also tell he was demonic because he knew a lot about her and walked in a really creepy way. He was evi l because he threatened to hurt Connie’s family which caused her to get inside the car. Arnold Friend also knew things about Connie that only she could  have known. He knows a lot of information about Connie, and he tells Connie what her family is doing at that same moment like some sort of psychic demon.

To what extent was an outdated monarchy the cause of 1789 French Revolution Essays

To what extent was an outdated monarchy the cause of 1789 French Revolution Essays To what extent was an outdated monarchy the cause of 1789 French Revolution Essay To what extent was an outdated monarchy the cause of 1789 French Revolution Essay Essay Topic: History At the time of the 1789 French Revolution, Louis XVI was the King and ruler of the absolute monarchy in France. Throughout Louis reign of 1774 to 1792, it was the age of Enlightenment. Europe was drastically changing culturally, politically and socially. The French were not taking part in the enlightened change and became outdated to the point that the bourgeoisie built a volcano, and were so anxious for change that a revolution erupted. The ancien rà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½gime refers to the pre-revolutionary social and governmental system.i The government system was an absolute monarchy and due to its supreme power over France, it was essential that the monarch be firm and secure. Louis XVI was impertinent to the ancien rà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½gime as he was unstable, indecisive and a heavy drinker which may have contributed to his poor love life and obesity. Louis XVIs performance as a king created an unstable monarchy.ii The deficit was a record of bad government.iii Political and Social Inequalities were still very common in France as they still practiced the feudal system in the eighteenth century. There were three social classes known as estates. The nobles and the clergy made up the first two estates and were the richest in France; however they were exempt from taxes and were they only people that could enjoy positions of importance. This caused a great degree of discontentment within the bourgeoisie as they worked very hard and had to pay taxes. The bourgeoisie was the third estate in France, everyone other than the nobility was in this class. From the perspective of the bourgeoisie, this system was a problem.iv The Influence of the Enlightenment was also a contributing factor to the revolution. The ideas and writings of the enlightenment thinkers like Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau became widespread. The French people were inspired for change even if they had to go against their king.v The biggest factor contributing to the revolution was economically related. The direct cause of the Revolution was the chaotic state of government finance.vi The government was chaotic as a result of an outdated monarchy. The economic inefficiencies were a result from the tax system, bad crops, and extravagant spending by Louis XIV and Louis XV in the years prior.vii The basic complication was that the nobility, with all the money, did not want to pay tax, while the bourgeoisie, with no money had to pay a lot of tax which was not enough to feed the government budget. This had great implications for Louis XVI and his government which became bankrupt.viii Louis XVIs France was desperate for financial help so he summoned the Estates-General in May 1789, its first meeting since 1614. Louis XVI called the meeting mainly to address the financial crisis in France and was not planning on losing power to anyone. The bourgeoisie controlled the Third Estate and quickly recognized that they would always be controlled by the nobility, who were two of the three estates, both the nobility and the clergy.ix If the government, cutting short the debates that arose between the orders, had come to the aid of the commoners before they had learned their own strength; if, from the first days, its influence had obliged the orders to deliberate in common, it is probable thatthe work of the Assembly would never have been influenced during its whole course by the inflammatory atmosphere of a people in a state of revolution;the result of the labor would have been some kind of compromise among the various parties, a new arrangement of what existed rather that a complete reshaping.x Once the bourgeoisie saw a piece of how Louis XVI was running their country and how the class in which the bourgeoisie lived was treated, they immediately sought after change. In response, the Third Estate walked out of the assemblage and established the National Assembly, claiming to legitimately represent the people of France, and thus beginning the French Revolution.xi During this time, the bourgeoisie were treated with total disregard from the government other than their service as tax payers. Louis XIV governed without recourse to the collaboration of a single bourgeois.xii All factors related to the cause of the 1789 French Revolution can be attributed to the fact that the French government was ignorant, greedy, and only did things to their own benefit. This way of thinking was very outdated during the Enlightenment and led to the social, economic and political problems. Thus it can be concluded that the extension of the outdated monarchy as a cause of the revolution was not a simple cause on its own, it was the single entity that provided a source for the numerous causes of the French Revolution. It is evident that in France before the revolution nothing was regulated in any precise manner, neither the rights of the crown nor those of the people, nor those of the courts; that the aristocracy had too much influence on the government; that personal liberty was frequently exposed to infringement by various arbitrary authorities; that political liberty was almost completely lacking; that the legitimate power of the king, of the sort necessary to the public welfare, was not firmly enough established; that the remonstrances of the parlements, however useful, being full of dangerous maxims and often written in a menacing tone, were by degrees accustoming the subject to lose all respect for the thronexiii Europe was changing while in France it was almost as if the monarchy fell so much in love with itself that it didnt think or look before acting and got itself pregnant, giving birth to a French Revolution.. The empowered in France were not interested in a better country for their people; they wanted more money and more power which contributed to an opposite result. The masses were tired of feeding the monarchy their hard earned money and time; they wanted freedom during a time focusing on just that: the freedom of speech.

Project Management Plan How to Make One For Marketing (Template)

Project Management Plan How to Make One For Marketing (Template) Project management can be intimidating at first. As marketers, we are often more comfortable executing work, rather than managing how it gets done. If that sounds like you, youll need to  develop new skills to keep our teams and processes organized. Theres a lot to learn, too. Planning project phases, allocating resources, and overseeing workflows is challenging. Its worth the effort, though, and developing strong organizational and leadership skills is invaluable. Think about it like planning a trip.  You need to know where youre going before you start driving, right? Otherwise, youre liable to get lost and waste time.  The same applies to marketing campaigns, too. If your goal is the destination, then you need a guide on how to reach them. Thats where project management plans come in. Theyre your roadmap toward success,  helping teams visualize how to achieve success, from start to finish. Best of all, they dont have to be difficult to document. Follow this guide and learn: How to map marketing timelines from ideation to measurement. What makes checklists  so  valuable for keeping projects on track. The best way to develop processes that build consistency into your marketing operations. By the time youre done, youll be coordinating projects with the best of em. What is ? is the only way to organize all your marketing in one place. Its a family of agile marketing products that will help you stay focused, deliver projects on time, and make your team happy. See what it can do for your marketing team now. Table of Contents: Free Project Management Plan Template What is a Project Management Plan (Definition)? Validate Whether the Project Is Worth Executing Create a Simple Creative or Project Brief Understand the Three Elements of Successful Project Planning Identify the Scope of Your Project Execute Your Plan Document the Plan and Keep it Organized Start With Your Free Marketing Project Management Plan Template Project plans include a lot of details and moving parts. To keep everything documented and organized, snag this free template. Itll make putting advice into practice much easier. Plus, youll also get a free project management calendar and checklist template to help plan deadlines and track project progress.How to Make the Best Project Management Plan To Organize Marketing Workflows by @Ben_via... What is a Project Management Plan (and Why Should Marketers Care)? This post will work with the following definition: Project management plans are simple workflow timelines. They map out what is necessary to complete a project, including tasks, deadlines, and resource requirements. When they're properly implemented, marketing teams can plan their work, then work their plan. Time spent planning yields significant benefits. Consider these statistics: According to one study from PriceWaterhouseCoopers, only 2.5% of organizations complete 100% of their projects. A report from The Standish Group, 90% of companies use some sort of project retrospective process to assess performance. Aditi Consulting says three in five projects companies execute are not relevant to their business strategy.Why should marketing teams focus on #projectmanagement? Bc only 2.5% of companies complete 100% of...These findings can teach us a few things: Failure to plan is planning to fail. Without proper project management processes in places, things tend to not get done. Marketers need to prioritize the right projects. Lots of companies spend more time looking busy than delivering value. Marketers aren't excluded from this trap, either. Reviewing results is key to long-term success. When things go right, it's important to understand why they worked. This can help you build repeatable processes to duplicate positive results again and again.What are project management plans and how can they help marketers manage workflows? First, Validate Whether the Project Is Worth Executing It's easy to spend a lot of time looking busy. Lots of marketing teams mistake sheer activity as being  successful. To achieve real success, marketers must focus on big-picture things rather than small item tactics. That said, however, doing work that drives results is much more difficult.  Fundamentally, your tactics serve your goals to achieve results. This means any marketing strategy that  starts  by focusing on tactics  first  is doomed from the get-go. To determine if your project is even worth pursuing, answer these questions before moving forward: Is this project part of our overall marketing strategy?  If not, then what is its purpose? Will completing this work result in achieving our goals?  What will this project help accomplish? Would our time be better spent on something else? If the answers to questions one and two aren't clear, this third question is worth considering. Once you have the green light to proceed, continue onward. How can marketers know a project is worth pursuing? Start here. Create a Simple Creative or Project Brief It's easier to visualize success when everyone on your team knows the intended outcome and how they contribute. A simple project brief should include the following: A description of the project:   What does this project need to look like when it's done? The objective or goal:  Why is this project being completed? A rough estimate of how long it will take:  Do you have a rough estimate for how long this project will take? This doesn't necessarily need to be complicated. Creative briefs should be... well brief. Tip: While this section should come first in your plan, you may need to write it last. That's because you'll determine timelines in a later step. Next, Understand the Three Elements of Successful Project Planning Great projects always stem from a well-planned workflow and timeline. Workflows allow everyone to know what needs to be done and when – which makes everyone's (work) life a little easier. There are three essential elements every project plan should include: Project Phases: What does this project look like when mapped out from start to finish? Tasks and Steps: Team members will need checklists to ensure no steps are missed. It's also helpful to work in task approvals so projects can move forward seamlessly. Available Resources: Who will complete each step? How much budget will they receive? Will they need other assets?